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Socialist Party (Portugal)

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Not to be confused with Portuguese Socialist Party.

Socialist Party
Partido Socialista
AbbreviationPS
PresidentCarlos César
Secretary-GeneralPedro Nuno Santos
FounderMário Soares
Founded19 April 1973; 51 years ago (1973-04-19)
Legalised1 February 1975; 49 years ago (1975-02-01)[1]
Preceded byAcção Socialista Portuguesa
HeadquartersLargo do Rato 2, 1269–143 Lisbon
NewspaperAcção Socialista
Student wingEstudantes Socialistas
Youth wingSocialist Youth
Women's wingNational Department of the Socialist Women
Membership (2022)Increase 81,171[2]
IdeologySocial democracy
Political positionCentre-left
National affiliationFRS (1980–1982)
European affiliationParty of European Socialists
European Parliament groupProgressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats
International affiliation
Trade union affiliationGeneral Union of Workers
Colours
  •   Red (official)
  •   Pink (customary)
AnthemA Internacional[3]
(The Internationale)
Assembly of the Republic
78 / 230
European Parliament
8 / 21
Regional Parliaments
34 / 104
Local government
(Mayors)
148 / 308
Local government
(Parishes)
1,264 / 3,066
Election symbol
Boletins de voto das eleições autárquicas de 2017 (Castro Verde e Casével, Castro Verde).jpg
Party flag
Flag of the Socialist Party
Website
www.ps.pt Edit this at Wikidata

The Socialist Party (Portuguese: Partido Socialista, pronounced [pɐɾˈtiðu susiɐˈliʃtɐ], PS) is a social-democratic[4][5] political party in Portugal. It was founded on 19 April 1973 in the German city of Bad Münstereifel by militants who were at the time with the Portuguese Socialist Action (Portuguese: Acção Socialista Portuguesa). The PS is a member of the Socialist International, Progressive Alliance and Party of European Socialists, and has eight members in the European Parliament within the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats group during the 10th European Parliament.

The party won the 1976 general election and formed the first constitutional government after the 1974 revolution, with Mário Soares as prime minister. However, the government was unstable and fell in 1978. The PS lost the 1979 election, but returned to power in 1983, forming, with the Social Democratic Party, a Central Bloc coalition. It lasted two years and in 1985, the party was defeated and went back to opposition, remaining there for 10 years and losing the two following general elections. Under António Guterres, the party won the 1995 general election and returned to power, lasting until 2002, upon the resignation of Guterres. The party made a comeback and won a historic absolute majority in the 2005 general election under the leadership of José Sócrates. By 2011, the economic crisis led the party to lose the 2011 snap election and the party returned to the opposition. Despite losing the 2015 election, the party formed an agreement with the Left Bloc and the Unitary Democratic Coalition and managed to appoint António Costa as Prime Minister. Costa remained in office for 9 years, until 2024, and won the two following elections, the last one, in 2022, with an absolute majority. After Costa's resignation, the party narrowly lost the 2024 election, thus, returning to opposition.

A party of the centre-left,[6][7] the PS is one of the two major parties in Portuguese politics; its rival is the Social Democratic Party (PSD), a centre-right, conservative party. The current leader, Pedro Nuno Santos, was elected in December 2023.

History

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Portuguese Socialist Action (1964–1973)

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The Portuguese Socialist Action (ASP) was founded in November 1964, in Geneva, Switzerland, by Mário Soares, Manuel Tito de Morais and Francisco Ramos da Costa. The ASP was founded in exile by several Socialist members as political organizations during Salazar's Estado Novo regime were forbidden. In 1964, Mário Soares was elected leader of the ASP and the core principles and values of the ASP were approved.[8]

Inspired by May 68 events,[9] the Socialist Party (PS) was created at a conference of the Portuguese Socialist Action (ASP) on 19 April 1973, in Bad Münstereifel in West Germany:

Ballot: 19 April 1973
Option Votes %
In favour of a party 20 74.1
Against a party 7 25.9
Turnout 27
Source:[10]

The twenty-seven delegates decided to found a party of socialism and political freedom, making an explicit reference to a classless society and with Marxism as a source of principal inspiration. However, seven delegates voted against the idea of creating a party, including Mário Soares' wife Maria Barroso.

Socialist Party (1973–present)

[edit]
Mário Soares and Maria Barroso in 1974.

On 25 April 1974, the Carnation Revolution brought down the authoritarian regime of the Estado Novo, established in 1933, and democracy was restored. Mário Soares, the party's General-Secretary, returned to Portugal after being in exile in France and became Minister of Foreign Affairs, and António de Almeida Santos was appointed Minister of Interjurisdictional Coordination in one of the first provisional governments. After the revolution, elections were called for 25 April 1975 and the PS won the 1975 election for the Constituent Assembly and the 1976 elections for the National Assembly, then losing to the Democratic Alliance (AD) in the 1979 legislative election. In 1980, the PS made an electoral alliance, called the Republican and Socialist Front (FRS), between the Independent Social Democrats (ASDI), led by Sousa Franco, and the Left-wing Union for the Socialist Democracy (UEDS), led by Lopes Cardoso. The alliance failed to defeat the AD.

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They won the 1983 general election but without an absolute majority, and the PS formed a grand coalition with the centre-right Social Democratic Party (PSD), creating a Central Bloc. The new government began negotiations for Portugal to enter the European Economic Community (EEC). In 1985, the Central Block broke down and the PS, at the time led by António de Almeida Santos, lost the 1985 legislative election. Cavaco Silva's PSD won the 1985 elections, and again in 1987 and 1991 with an absolute majority. The PS was in opposition for more than ten years.

In the 1995 legislative election, the PS, then led by the already prominent António Guterres, won a general election for the first time in twelve years, and in the 1999 election failed to obtain what would have been a historic absolute majority for the party by only one MP. In 2001, after a massive defeat in the 2001 local elections, Guterres resigned as prime minister and called for new elections in 2002. The Socialist Party lost the 2002 general election by a small margin to the PSD, who formed a coalition government with the People's Party (CDS–PP). During this time, it has been argued that the Socialist Party moved towards the centre and adopted the Third Way.[11][12]

In the early 2000s, the party cleaned up its membership database, resulting in a reduction of registered members from 120,000 in 2001 to 77,000 in 2002.[13]

In June 2004, the PS won the 2004 European elections by a landslide, and a few weeks later, Durão Barroso, leader of the PSD and prime minister, resigned to become President of the European Commission. In December 2004, Jorge Sampaio, President of the Republic, called fresh elections for February 2005. These elections resulted in a landslide victory for the PS, winning for the first time since its foundation an absolute majority. José Sócrates, leader of the PS, became Prime Minister of Portugal.

In 2009, after 4+1⁄2 years in power, the PS lost the 2009 European Parliament elections to the PSD. However, they won the general election held on 27 September 2009 but failed to renew the absolute majority they won in the previous general election. The PS later introduced and legislated same-sex marriage. The Eurozone crisis and financial crisis of 2011 hit Portugal very hard, prompting Sócrates' government to impose harsh austerity measures. On 23 March 2011, the entire opposition in Parliament said no to new measures proposed by the government. As a result of this, Sócrates resigned as prime minister and a snap election took place on 5 June 2011. In the elections, the PS suffered a huge setback, with 28.1 percent of the vote, ten points behind the PSD, who formed another coalition government with the CDS–PP. Sócrates resigned as General-Secretary on election night after the PS's worst result since 1987. On 23 July 2011, António José Seguro was elected as Sócrates' successor.

Under the leadership of Seguro, the PS won the 2013 local elections making significant gains over the PSD and the Socialists again won the European elections in May 2014 but this time only just. They won 31.5 percent of the vote against almost 28% of the alliance between the PSD and CDS–PP. The result was considered quite a disappointment to many PS members and supporters and on 27 May António Costa, the then-mayor of Lisbon announced that he would stand for the leadership of the PS.[14] Seguro refused to call a new congress and leadership election and instead called for a primary election, to be held on 28 September, to elect the party's candidate for prime minister in the 2015 general elections.[15] Costa, being endorsed by the left faction of the party and people like Mário Soares, Ana Catarina Mendes and Pedro Nuno Santos, easily defeated Seguro, who was supported by the more moderate and centrist wing of the party, by a 67% to 31% margin.

In the 2015 legislative elections, the PS polled a disappointing second place, capturing just 32 percent of the votes against the 38.6 percent of the PSD/CDS–PP electoral alliance Portugal Ahead. Despite the victory of the PSD/CDS-PP coalition, the centre-left and left-wing parties achieved a clear majority in the Portuguese parliament. After the second Passos Coelho cabinet fell in parliament, with the approval of a no-confidence motion, the PS forged a confidence and supply agreement with Left Bloc and Unitary Democratic Coalition to support a PS minority government. For the first time in Portuguese democracy, the leader of the second most voted political force became prime minister.

In order to avoid bankruptcy due to mounting debt, in 2017, the party, alongside the PSD, the Portuguese Communist Party, BE and the ecologist party PEV, voted in favour of abolishing party fundraising limits, thereby opening all portuguese parties to private political donorship, that they are not obligated to disclose.[16][17][18][19] The new proposal was reluctantly approved by the Portuguese president Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa.[20]

Socialist Party national headquarters in Lisbon.
Socialist Party national headquarters in 1975.

Costa led a very successful first term as prime minister with a growing economy, low unemployment, and deficit cuts. Although he led a more left-leaning PS, Costa started to shift the party back to the centre in 2018, something that a younger and more left-wing faction, led by minister Pedro Nuno Santos, contested.[21] In the 2019 European elections, the PS won a significant victory by achieving 33.4 percent, against the 22 percent of the PSD. The PS also won the October 2019 general election with 36 percent of the votes, against the 28 percent of the PSD, but by a closer margin than expected. The Second Costa cabinet was sworn in on 26 October 2019.

In October 2020, the PS lost power in the Azores region after the Socialists lost their majority in the region's 2020 October elections. The PS only got 39 percent of the votes, a drop of 7 pp, and 25 seats.[22] The right-wing parties PSD, CDS, PPM, CHEGA, and IL won a majority of one seat over the whole left wing, and a few weeks after the election, they forged a deal that led the PSD to government.[23] As of 2021, the PS is now in opposition in both autonomous regions of the country.

For the 2021 Portuguese presidential election, Costa endorsed the incumbent Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, something that made some party members unsatisfied. Former PS MEP Ana Gomes, a critic of Costa and a member of the left faction of the party, ran for the presidency, declaring herself the candidate of democratic socialism and progressivism, stating that she has been disappointed with the leadership of the party for not having an official candidate.[24][25] With the support of the left faction of the party and some more moderate members worried about corruption, Gomes finished in a disappointing second place behind de Sousa, who had many endorsements of party leaders like Lisbon's Mayor Fernando Medina, Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues, and Carlos César.

Pedro Nuno Santos, Secretary-General since 2024

The party suffered a setback in the 2021 local elections by losing several cities to the PSD. However, the main defeat was the loss of Lisbon to the PSD candidate, Carlos Moedas, who defeated Fernando Medina by a narrow 34 to 33 percent margin.[26] After the local elections, tensions between the PS and its left-wing allies, BE and CDU, led to the rejection of the 2022 budget which forced the calling of a snap election for January 2022.[27] Despite polls predicting a close race between the PS and PSD, the Socialists won a surprise absolute majority, only the second in their history, with 41 percent of the votes against the 29 percent of the PSD,[28] and winning 120 (52%) of the 230 seats in the Portuguese parliament.

In November 2023, António Costa resigned as prime minister and party leader following the Operation Influencer investigation, which investigates suspected corruption activities in the awarding of contracts for the lithium and hydrogen businesses.[29] Following Costa's decision, an early election was called for 10 March 2024.[30] A leadership election was called for 15 and 16 December 2023, which was won by Pedro Nuno Santos with almost 61 percent of the votes.[31]

On the 10 March 2024 election, the Socialist Party was narrowly defeated by the Democratic Alliance (AD), headed by the Social Democratic Party, losing 42 seats and gathering 28 percent of the votes.[32] Three months later, in the 2024 European Parliament elections, the Socialist Party narrowly defeated the AD coalition, by a 32 to 31 percent margin.

Ideology

[edit]

The PS is a mainstream centre-left social democratic party with many internal factions, ranging from democratic socialism to social liberalism and centrism. It supports Keynesianism, Europeanism, and progressivism. Like many mainstream social democratic parties, it has previously adopted a Third Way outlook.[11]

Election results

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Assembly of the Republic

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Seat share in the Portuguese legislative elections

Election Leader Votes % Seats +/- Government
1975 Mário Soares 2,162,972 37.9 (#1)
116 / 250
 Constituent assembly
1976 1,912,921 34.9 (#1)
107 / 263
 Decrease9 Minority[a]
Coalition[a]
Opposition
1979 1,642,136 27.3 (#2)
74 / 250
 Decrease33 Opposition
1980 Republican and
Socialist Front
66 / 250
 Decrease8 Opposition
1983 2,061,309 36.1 (#1)
94 / 250
 Increase28 Coalition[b]
1985 António de Almeida Santos 1,204,321 20.8 (#2)
57 / 250
 Decrease37 Opposition
1987 Vítor Constâncio 1,262,506 22.2 (#2)
60 / 250
 Increase3 Opposition
1991 Jorge Sampaio 1,670,758 29.1 (#2)
72 / 230
 Increase12 Opposition
1995 António Guterres 2,583,755 43.8 (#1)
112 / 230
 Increase40 Minority
1999 2,385,922 44.1 (#1)
115 / 230
 Increase3 Minority
2002 Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues 2,068,584 37.8 (#2)
96 / 230
 Decrease19 Opposition
2005 José Sócrates 2,588,312 45.0 (#1)
121 / 230
 Increase25 Majority
2009 2,077,238 36.6 (#1)
97 / 230
 Decrease24 Minority
2011 1,566,347 28.1 (#2)
74 / 230
 Decrease23 Opposition
2015 António Costa 1,747,685 32.3 (#2)
86 / 230
 Increase12 Opposition
Minority[c]
2019 1,903,687 36.3 (#1)
108 / 230
 Increase22 Minority
2022 2,302,601 41.4 (#1)
120 / 230
 Increase12 Majority
2024 Pedro Nuno Santos 1,812,443 28.0 (#2)
78 / 230
 Decrease42 Opposition

Presidential

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Election Candidate First round Second round Result
Votes % Votes %
1976 Supported António Ramalho Eanes Won Green tickY
1980 Supported António Ramalho Eanes Won Green tickY
1986 Mário Soares 1,443,683 25.4 (#2) 3,010,756 51.2 (#1) Won Green tickY
1991 3,459,521 70.4 (#1) Won Green tickY
1996 Jorge Sampaio 3,035,056 53.9 (#1) Won Green tickY
2001 2,401,015 55.6 (#1) Won Green tickY
2006 Mário Soares 785,355 14.3 (#3) Lost Red XN
2011 Manuel Alegre 831,838 19.7 (#2) Lost Red XN
2016 No candidate
2021 No candidate

European Parliament

[edit]
Election Leader Votes % Seats +/- EP Group
1987 Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo 1,267,672 22.5 (#2)
6 / 24
 SOC
1989 João Cravinho 1,184,380 28.5 (#2)
7 / 24
 Increase1
1994 António Vitorino 1,061,560 34.9 (#1)
10 / 25
 Increase3 PES
1999 Mário Soares 1,493,146 43.1 (#1)
12 / 25
 Increase2
2004 António Costa 1,516,001 44.5 (#1)
12 / 24
 Steady0
2009 Vital Moreira 946,818 26.5 (#2)
7 / 22
 Decrease5 S&D
2014 Francisco Assis 1,033,158 31.5 (#1)
8 / 21
 Increase1
2019 Pedro Marques 1,104,694 33.4 (#1)
9 / 21
 Increase1
2024 Marta Temido 1,268,915 32.1 (#1)
8 / 21
 Decrease1

Regional Assemblies

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Region Election Leader Votes % Seats +/- Government
Azores 2024 Vasco Cordeiro 41,538 35.9 (#2)
23 / 57
 Decrease2 Opposition
Madeira 2024 Paulo Cafôfo 28,981 21.3 (#2)
11 / 47
 Steady0 Opposition

List of lead party figures

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Secretaries-General

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Graphical timeline

[edit]
Pedro Nuno SantosAntónio CostaMaria de Belém RoseiraAntónio José SeguroJosé SócratesEduardo Ferro RodriguesAntónio GuterresJorge SampaioVítor ConstâncioAntónio MacedoAntónio Almeida SantosMário Soares

Party presidents

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Carlos César, President of the Government of the Azores from 1996 to 2012 and the current party president.

Presidents of the Assembly

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Parliamentary Leaders

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Prime Ministers

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Presidents of the Regional Government of the Azores

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Presidents of the Republic

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b Minority government (1976–1978); Coalition government with the CDS between January and August 1978; Opposition (1978–1979).
  2. ^ Central Bloc government (PS-PSD) (Jun 1983 – Nov 1985)
  3. ^ Opposition (Oct–Nov 2015); Confidence and supply government between the PS and BE–PCP–PEV (Nov 2015 – Oct 2019)

References

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  1. ^ "Partidos registados e suas denominações, siglas e símbolos". Constitutional Court of Portugal (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  2. ^ Figueiredo, Inês (16 July 2022). "PSD é o maior partido, mas PS no poder consegue encurtar distâncias. Chega e PAN ocultam número de militantes". Observador.
  3. ^ Tavares, Tiago. "Os hinos que se cantavam nas primeiras eleições". Observador.
  4. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Portugal". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  5. ^ Dimitri Almeida (2012). The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus. CRC Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-136-34039-0. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  6. ^ Lisi, Marco; Freire, André (2014). "The selection of political party leaders in Portugal". In Jean-Benoit Pilet; William Cross (eds.). The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies: A Comparative Study. Routledge. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-317-92945-1.
  7. ^ Guedes, Nuno (2016). "Esquerda-direita: análise das posições ideológicas do PS e do PSD (1990-2010)". Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas (80): 95–116.
  8. ^ "Primeiras formações socialistas", Diário de Notícias, 7 January 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  9. ^ Varela, Raquel; della Santa, Roberto (4 December 2018). "O Maio de 68 na Europa – Estado e Revolução" [The May of 68 in Europe – State and Revolution] (PDF). Direito e Práxis (in Portuguese). 9 (2): 969–991. doi:10.1590/2179-8966/2018/33600. ISSN 2179-8966.
  10. ^ "Valores de Mário Soares marcaram os 50 anos de história do PS", Diário de Notícias, 19 April 1973. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  11. ^ a b Costa Lobo, Marina; Magalhães, Pedro C. (2001). The Portuguese Socialists and the Third Way (PDF). European Consortium for Political Research. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  12. ^ Pearlstein, Steven (6 May 2009). "In Portugal, as in America, a 'Third Way' Is Reemerging". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
  13. ^ Scarrow, Susan (27 November 2014). Beyond Party Members: Changing Approaches to Partisan Mobilization (1 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780191748332. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  14. ^ Nuno, Sá Lourenço (27 May 2014). "António Costa avança para a liderança do PS". Público. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  15. ^ Telma, Roque (6 June 2014). "Aprovada a realização de eleições primárias no PS a 28 de setembro". Jornal de Notícias. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  16. ^ Partidos podem angariar quanto quiserem e o IVA é devolvido in Jornal Eco, retrieved on August 9 2022
  17. ^ O que muda no financiamento dos partidos? E as dúvidas que ficam in Jornal Eco, retrieved on August 9 2022.
  18. ^ Pela calada do Natal aconteceu o saque partidário in Jornal Eco, consulted on August 9 2022
  19. ^ Partidos sem limites para angariar fundos e com devolução total do IVA in Jornal Público, retrieved on August 9 2022
  20. ^ Alteração à lei de financiamento dos partidos políticos promulgada in Transparência Internacional – Transparency International Portugal, retrieved on August 9 2022.
  21. ^ Ana, Sá Lopes (4 June 2018). "Pedro Nuno ganha batalha e António Costa não gostou". Sol. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  22. ^ "PS perde maioria absoluta nos Açores, e Chega, IL e PAN entram no parlamento ", Público, 25 October 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  23. ^ "Eleições nos Açores: Novo Governo regional toma posse na terça-feira", Observador, 19 November 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  24. ^ Almeida, Joana (10 September 2020). "Ana Gomes formaliza candidatura à Presidência da República em nome do 'socialismo democrático'" [Ana Gomes formalizes candidacy for President of the Republic in the name of 'democratic socialism']. O Jornal Económico. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  25. ^ Donn, Natasha (10 September 2020). "Ana Gomes ruffles feathers as she launches official bid for presidency". Portugal Resident. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  26. ^ "Carlos Moedas eleito presidente da Câmara de Lisboa. "Ganhámos contra tudo e contra todos!" ", Público, 27 September 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  27. ^ "É o primeiro chumbo em democracia. Orçamento para 2022 não passa na Assembleia da República", Eco, 27 October 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  28. ^ "PS vence pela primeira vez em todos os distritos do continente", Renascença, 31 January 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  29. ^ "António Costa demite-se: "Obviamente"". CNN Portugal (in Portuguese). Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  30. ^ Renascença (9 November 2023). "Marcelo marca eleições para 10 de março – Renascença". Rádio Renascença (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  31. ^ "Pedro Nuno Santos eleito secretário-geral do PS com 62%". sicnoticias.pt. SIC Notícias. 16 December 2023.
  32. ^ "Portugal's center-right wins an election but surging populists want a say in the government". Associated Press. 21 March 2024. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  33. ^ Henriques, Graça (18 September 2019). "Oito décadas na vida de Jorge Sampaio". Diário de Notícias. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
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